Support from readers like you keeps The Journal open.
You are visiting us because we have something you value. Independent, unbiased news that tells the truth. Advertising revenue goes some way to support our mission, but this year it has not been enough.
If you've seen value in our reporting, please contribute what you can, so we can continue to produce accurate and meaningful journalism. For everyone who needs it.
LANDLORDS ARE FLOUTING laws around rent increases for properties which is putting extra pressure on tenants, a leading housing charity has warned.
Threshold said that Rent Pressure Zone (RPZ) legislation is not being followed by some landlords and that this is having a negative effect on tenants looking for a place to live.
The charity called on government to introduce a publicly accessible rent register which would record every change of rent on a property so prospective new tenants could know what they should be paying.
The call comes following the release of the Daft quarterly rental report which showed record high prices and record low properties available to rent across the country.
Rents nationwide jumped 11.8% in the first six months of the year, with the average asking price for a rental nationwide now €1,159 per month.
There were just 2,930 properties available to rent across Ireland on 1 August, the lowest number ever recorded.
Threshold CEO John-Mark McCafferty said that the report showed the urgent need to increase the supply of affordable homes in the private rental sector.
The government last year introduced rental caps laws for some areas around the country. Under the legislation, certain areas are designated as Rent Pressure Zones.
In these zones landlords are not allowed to raise the rent by more than 4% a year. As well as this, a new tenant in a property can only be charged 4% more than what a previous tenant was paying.
However, McCafferty says that this law is being broken by landlords.
Advertisement
“It isn’t legal for a landlord to evict a tenant and then look for a very substantial rise afterwards,” McCafferty told TheJournal.ie.
“We’re hearing that people who want to rent and go to rent either don’t know for sure whether the rent is correct and they can’t challenge it until after the fact.
And there will always be someone at the viewing who is able to pay a higher level because of how few properties are available.
McCafferty said that a publicly accessible register of rental prices would help to combat this.
Homelessness
The lack of available properties in the private rental market has been highlighted by homelessness and housing charities as one of the main issues driving family homelessness.
This is a view echoed by other organisations in the sector. Earlier this month, charities strongly criticised government after Census 2016 data showed a significant increase in homeless numbers since 2011.
“More affordable private rental supply is badly needed to prevent more people from becoming homeless and ensure that people can leave homelessness behind,” said Niamh Randall, spokesperson with the Simon Community.
Threshold’s McCafferty said that lower-income families are being “priced out of the market”.
Charities have also blamed the ongoing crisis on a lack of affordable and social housing being built over a sustained period of time.
Readers like you are keeping these stories free for everyone...
A mix of advertising and supporting contributions helps keep paywalls away from valuable information like this article.
Over 5,000 readers like you have already stepped up and support us with a monthly payment or a once-off donation.
To embed this post, copy the code below on your site
Close
107 Comments
This is YOUR comments community. Stay civil, stay constructive, stay on topic.
Please familiarise yourself with our comments policy
here
before taking part.
It is awful for low paid workers. However no one seems to want to address the elephant in the room – why do families with either 1 or 2 parents not working deserve to be housed in any cities centre?
Surely workers should get priority.
If you are living government subsidised housing in a city centre location and haven’t worked in >5 years you should be made move to a more rural location.
Low paid full time workers should get priority.
@Theunpopularpopulist: There is currently 19,700 people on DCC social housing waiting list. There is already 45,000 social housing units in DCC area out of 220,000 homes total. Does not make sense. Workers are being forced to pay ridiculous rents or commute long hours to accommodate the work shy. Currently 15% of total population are in social housing with 5% on waiting lists. I feel like a fool for working full time, trying to provide for myself and family, and contributing to society.
@Jimbo Jones: If you think Smithfield is an example of gentrification you don’t know what it means. The area was redeveloped in a section. The rest of the area is still a social black spot with lots of poverty.
Rathmines became gentrified.
@Chucky Arlaw: i not sure about but them prices are nuts I know when I moved to the *ssh*le of knowhere back in 2006 it was cheaper to rent there and commute the three hour drive .
Then the landlord ( a builder) had a small issue with too much swindling and the bank took the house threatened me and or I buy or get out . I bought it as it is hard to find a place that suit me , then the whole shibang went to hell , the country my business and the actual house fell to pieces with water damage on the snow.
Is inhabitable . Is still all I got . The insurance company screw me over and the builder destroy my home. Now the bank gave me a deal under the insolvency program yet same bank is threatening me with court yet the same bank sold my derelict shack to American vulture fund .
I continue to pay . I have no idea of the future . All I know is still I would rather have a job full time in dublin and commute . Basically the moral of this story is you’re screwed either way . At least the drive is pretty.
Same old story. How about making the numerous Accidental Landlords pay 20% instead of 50% tax? Just like ordinary Landlords. Then they won’t have to ask so much rent. Mind you, they are still not making any profit at all. Daftest country on the planet..
@psychiatrist: Ordinary landlords pay the 52% on the income it is only the investment funds that get 20%. I believe they only get that on NAMA purchases too. If you are self employed you can easily pay an extra 1% on rent as well.
@psychiatrist: Everyone pays 52% on tax. Even when you own your own company, when you pay yourself you still pay the 52% tax. Jesus like. Screw it, why not just reduce all renters taxes to 20% while your at it.
@Fluich Go Craicean: Are you seriously saying that 3k extra a year in rent is similar to the fee to getting a birth cert? And that tenants can refuse to pay prices? Jesus Wept.
@Denise Daly: Except the landlords and the rent to let sector. What kind of world would we be in if people complained because prices were dropping!! No one is saying Landlors should be generous but it is the Govts responsibility to manage social policy you cannot have a growing economy and no where for the workforce to live. But the laws of economic gravity are true what goes will come down and we some hell of a bang.
A lot of people cannot afford to build their own house due the rule of only being able to give a mortgage of 3.5 times ur salary so for many buying is not an option even with fairly decent salaries.. then rent costs so much that it is incredibly difficult to get together any sort of deposit or make up the rest so it’s a catch twenty two really! Then we wonder why people are pissed off with it all!!
@Colin Morris: That’s exactly my point, the government is responsible for housing it’s people not the free market. If you leave it up to the free market then what we are seeing now will happen. don’t blame landlords – blame the government that can’t get anything right – social housing, gardai, hse etc.
@niall o beachain: Some landlords have purchased new houses to rent so the rent will have to be higher than the mortgage which people as you pointed out can’t afford anyways so its a no win situation.
Who put those rules in place about the 3.5 times your salary? the 10% deposit? Was it the landlords or the government?
Who decided not to build social housing? Was it the landlords or the government?
Who allowed all those Nama houses to be sold? Who allows all those council homes to sit empty because of budgets constraints while paying hotels and B&Bs thousands a month to house someone.
My point is that the government keeps spinning this as a landlord fault – all high rents are to blame for the housing crisis. They did similar with the water rates – pushing the blame onto other groups. Was it the landlords or the government?
Look at it this way – if all rents were halved tomorrow, would it solve the housing crisis? The hell it would, there just not enough houses out there and it’s near impossible to get a mortgage to buy one.
The government needs to take responsibility and address the issue themselves and not expect the private sector/free market to do so.
@B9xiRspG: Do you really expect a neoliberal government to take any responsibility for its citizens welfare? Be it in housing, the health service, public transport, anything that was a public service is of no interest to a neoliberal government. Public services must, under neoliberal dogma, be privatised. If you can’t afford to pay the cost of privatised services you’re labeled as a parasite, a sponger, a freeloader.
Corporate welfare is a neoliberal government’s only interest.
Jim, completely agree. So far today the govt advice I’ve heard re housing issues particuarly with the college year about to start has been “parents of students looking for accommodation should get involved” (um right, ok), rent out a room in your house for a student (oh yes that’ll sort it) and let’s tax 2nd homes to sort the housing crisis. It’s all to distract from not tasking councils and corporations to build more houses!!!! And not even very good distraction at that.
@B9xiRspG: Hi Jim- wouldn’t happen to be a landlord would you? Some of your comments do seem a bit ignorant like why don’t people buy/ build their own houses- you look like your in the generation which benefited most from this- easy loans / high income / second investment property. All of us are paying for that. True the state should be building more affordable property – but there is so much reliance on private sector renting – landlords and estate agents do exploit the issue and are quite active politically and in the media. Has a property developer ever given a brown envelope or a golden handshake to a politician ? Never !
@Is Mise jay: What Crisis? This story is about a particular group’s opinion, they’ve presented no actual evidence to back up that opinion. And you want the Taoiseach to cut short an important diplomatic engagement to address someone’s opinion.
@Vincent Sharpe: And why shouldn’t people expect better? Is it too much to ask that when governments enact laws or legislation that they actually follow up on them and somebody bothers to check compliance.
They have no issue with sending out half the gardai in the country hoping to catch motorists commiting a traffic offence but balk at monitoring the compliance of landlords, now why would that be?
Having been a renter I would have no confidence in Treshold or other tenant rights groups. A few years ago they got all the affordable accommodation of the bedsit type closed down leaving thousands of tenants on the streets. They also complained bitterly about landlords receiving rent allowance. Now in a complete u turn they are trying to force landlords to take rent allowance. I don’t think there’s any solutions to be had from these people
@DaisyChainsaw: Yep all landlords are and tenants are perfect!
No one is forcing anyone to rent. They can go and purchase a house themselves if they want or if they qualify they can apply for the social housing that the government is providing….
@B9xiRspG: are you living on another planet, not everyone can afford to buy /build, low wages, low income means that any money you earn is paying for rent, bills and even food.
Oh, sure you will say save, but how do you save, when you are struggling to keep up with your rent payments. 75% of wages are paid in rent, then the other 25% in household expenses.
Get real, walk a mile in my shoes, life is no fekking holiday.
@David Patrick: the way I see is you either eat or pay bills been like that a while . This recovery they talk about is for their lot . People with financial stability has no idea how those who live day to day exist.
Can we have serious jailtime for problem tenants who don’t pay their rent and smash the place? Rather than the whinge brigage finding a way to excuse them.
@Colin Morris:
Whenever there is a article on the housing crisis there is a good chance someone will bring up compulsory purchase orders. If the government CPOs your property they have to pay FULL MARKET VALUE. The vulture funds and many accidental landlords would be delighted!
You can’t correct crises by introducing reactionary laws one-by-one that affect the perimeter on the surface. You’ll only make it more broken. The only way to fix it is to change the environment of the issue and fix it from the core. Absolute numbskulls in power.
@Colin Morris: and when the houses are wrecked the tax payer will pick up the tab again I suppose and I bet you think these should all be in a prime location?
While the gombeens who save and pay for their own homes (to have them sold eventually to pay for their nursing home care) should all live a 1 hour commute away.
Why would anyone work in this so called socialist utopia you propose?
Doesn’t have to be just given to people on welfare what about a state owned rental company, that allows young professionals and families who work but cannot afford to build their own or buy their own houses as they are only allowed 3.5 times their salary in a mortgage, to rent and save?? Would you be in favour of this?? Or sure we just let 30 year olds live with their mas if they are lucky to have that, the rest of their lives and call them lefties and trots when they are upset about the whole situation.
In all seriousness having worked in a semi state for 16 years one thing is certain, under NO circumstance give a semi state a contract as big as that, the houses would wind up costing a million each!
Put it out to tender like the motorways.
Lower the supertax being inflicted on landlords and impose fines on those overcharging tenants. It’s not rocket science, If something is not worth the venture then no one is going to invest.
@psychiatrist: I currently rent in North inner city, I work in a fairly decent permanent role, so too does my wife.
We would have no issue living around Summerhill, ballybough, North Strand etc if the government gave us an affordable option.
I have lived in North inner city 2 years, there are issues but in every capital city the central zones will always have that.
I am surrounded by people from all walks of life and the majority are really decent, friendly, normal people.
Don’t be too quick to judge. You’d be pleasantly surprised if you lived here
Two things – Get rid of height restrictions for residential between the canals and in other areas like Sandyford and treat being a landlord like the business that it is – items can be expensed and there is 12.5% corporation tax on any remaining profit. Guarantee that will result in a huge increase in supply to the market.
@Fred Jensen:
In fairness Fred as someone that works in the sector i would be delighted if the did that but realistically all that would happen is a massive jump in house purchase prices as investors piled in.
We need more properties built, nothing else will make any difference.
@Fred Jensen:
Why cut straight to the point then? We need more houses.
Some of them should be owned by investors, some owner occupiers, some affordable housing etc etc but bottom line, more houses
If you’ve no intention on ever working, or ever even trying to work, then you can fcuk off the social housing list. You don’t deserve a house because you’re a lazy scrounger with no work ethic. Work = money, that’s how things work unless you actually cannot work due to disability etc.
Imagine an Ireland where the lazy, the self-entitled and the scroungers actually got all of their perks and privileges taken away from them until they could provide proof they were looking for employment. Then they can struggle with childcare, rent, bills, insurance, tax etc. just like the rest of us.
Some people on low incomes are earning less than the “Full time mammy to me angles xxxx” (deliberate typo) and still have to pay rent etc., while the full time dole mammies go collect their mickey money and go get a full head of extensions. Generalisation, yes. Actually untrue, no.
@Rachel: actually, both untrue and a gross generalisation. Stop feeling sorry for yourself and projecting your anger onto people who have nothing to do with whatever is making you so bitter. If you have to struggle to own your property at least you will one day own it. You are making a choice. There are people working today who can’t afford to rent, couchsurfing and staying with family members. So what if a mother wants to parent her child full time? When did parenthood become something to be ashamed of? Your work ethic doesn’t seem to be making you happy…..
The whole chaos created by American/Canadian Investeors who are buying the whole blocks and putting the rent of their own choice and in the the meanwhile charging for management fee also.
With such huge demand and little or no supply, why does no one want to build? Is it the cost of land/planning/materials? Every year we hear students have no accommodation. We are supposedly vying for workers to come here after Brexit, where will they live. We have people sleeping in doorways, the lazy answer to everything is more taxes. Ordinary people can’t afford more taxes. They make the best of their wages, not receiving expenses on top of large salaries. We should have innovative politicians considering they are paid very well,
instead we get the same tripe year after year.
Government should be immediately called back and reverse these rent hikes and put in place rent caps lower than before the hikes,it’s time the greedy faced consequences and politicians defended the public.
@mdmak33: The problem is the gov keeps working off percentages, the rent caps are at a % of the last rent, affordable housing is a % of the average market rate. If they just came out with flat limits per sq meter with weighting for area they can stop it overnight. Won’t solve the housing crisis but will solve the price gouging.
Disgraceful from our “keep the homelessness going” government. Totally foreseeable that this would happen, but it suits their landlord and stakeholder friends, who are happily lining their pockets with the rising rents and contributing to the FG election fund with the small change. I think thats what governments call a “win win” situation.
Why city council allowed use of residential properties as airbnb, hotels or for business use. If there is ban for use residential property for business use rent crisis will solve automatically. Where I live half of the building is used as hotel.
Should there be a system where landlords sell the house but the house stays in rental system.
For example setting up companies to own/supply/manage rental accomodation.
Expanded housing associations.
Allow affordable purchase and rental through housing association.
I mean let me think whose a better solution for the future – Tuath who’ve supplied 500 units in 2016 to social housing sector and 500 this year.
Or small landlords who don’t think its their problem to fix. They are actually right it’s not their problem. But the fact they think that means they aren’t the solution.
See we need housing supplied by people who are actually interested in sustainable housing solutions.
We need to look at cost of housing provision and we need to have rental rates that have some link to cost of provision.
So a monthly rent is cost of provision plus say 20 percent margin. Not neccessarily as a law but as sensible business practice.
The idea of spending 300 k in rent alone over 20 years (based on 1300 euros a month) when the 1st day price of the home to buy is a tricky one.
The basic problem AGAIN and AGAIN is that we need to accept the fact that tenants have a limit to what they can afford each month.
Anyone that has a problem with that should leave the provision of housing to people who accept that reality.*
*I don’t know enough about economics – all I know is you can’t have 2 k rent if household income is 1600 per month.
That would be a loss of 400 a month on the rent a month – clearly unsustainable. And nothing to live one
I have lived in a few of the old style bedsits which were dumps. I also lived in some that were fine. For students or low paid single people they served their purpose. When the bedsits were abolished low income people were then faced with higher rents. Proper regulation of rented accommodation would be a good start. South Dublin Council have a box ticking exercise where they inspect quality accommodation in Rathfarnham Knocklyon and then can say they have inspected so many properties. Pity they dont check out their own properties
Politicians are notionally public representatives. Therefore they must do what is right for the people.
The people want public social housing built so lads go and. Hold social housing now. It’s not hard, we did it years ago when there was no money in drimnagh, crumlin etc. Do it or get out
Does Ireland need more data centres in the near future? Yes, says Taoiseach
14 mins ago
310
Belfast
'Calculating' teacher who groomed and sexually abused teenage pupil jailed for two years
31 mins ago
2.4k
Ireland Funds gala
Members of Enoch Burke's family forcibly removed from gala dinner in Washington DC after disrupting speech
Jane Matthews
Reports from Washington DC
17 hrs ago
94.1k
Your Cookies. Your Choice.
Cookies help provide our news service while also enabling the advertising needed to fund this work.
We categorise cookies as Necessary, Performance (used to analyse the site performance) and Targeting (used to target advertising which helps us keep this service free).
We and our 156 partners store and access personal data, like browsing data or unique identifiers, on your device. Selecting Accept All enables tracking technologies to support the purposes shown under we and our partners process data to provide. If trackers are disabled, some content and ads you see may not be as relevant to you. You can resurface this menu to change your choices or withdraw consent at any time by clicking the Cookie Preferences link on the bottom of the webpage .Your choices will have effect within our Website. For more details, refer to our Privacy Policy.
We and our vendors process data for the following purposes:
Use precise geolocation data. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Store and/or access information on a device. Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development.
Cookies Preference Centre
We process your data to deliver content or advertisements and measure the delivery of such content or advertisements to extract insights about our website. We share this information with our partners on the basis of consent. You may exercise your right to consent, based on a specific purpose below or at a partner level in the link under each purpose. Some vendors may process your data based on their legitimate interests, which does not require your consent. You cannot object to tracking technologies placed to ensure security, prevent fraud, fix errors, or deliver and present advertising and content, and precise geolocation data and active scanning of device characteristics for identification may be used to support this purpose. This exception does not apply to targeted advertising. These choices will be signaled to our vendors participating in the Transparency and Consent Framework.
Manage Consent Preferences
Necessary Cookies
Always Active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work.
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then these services may not function properly.
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not be able to monitor our performance.
Store and/or access information on a device 106 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 137 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 106 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 79 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 78 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 38 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 34 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 127 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 60 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 75 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 82 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 39 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 45 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 27 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 89 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 96 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 71 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 52 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 86 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 66 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
have your say